خسارت زایی تراکم های مختلف پادمان (Hexapoda: collembolan) روی چند گیاه گلخانه ای در دماهای مختلف

Abstract
Springtails often live in soil, plant residues, and rotten materials and sometimes cause damage by feeding on living plant tissue. Greenhouse conditions by providing temperature, humidity and nutrients led to a significantly increase in the density of springtails in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the damage of different springtails (0, 20, 50 and 100) on percentage of seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, radish, onion and cucumber at three temperatures; 22, 25 and 28°C. For this purpose, experiments were conducted in petri dish and pot. The results of petri dish and pot experiments showed that the presence of springtails even with low density (20 springtails/petri dish or 100gr soil in pot) makes a significant difference in the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth of all experimental plants and increasing the density significantly increase damage. The highest damage occurred at a density of 50 and 100 at 22°C. The percentage of reduction in seedling length of lettuce, radish, onion and cucumber at a density of 100 compared to control plants was 51.51, 54.49, 68.76 and 86.24, Also, the percentage of damage was observed with the density of 100 springtails, 31.59, 82.20, 69.28 and 68.84, respectively. As the temperature increased, the damages of springtails on all tested plants as well as all densities significantly decreased which could be related to rapid germination and seed growth at higher temperatures. In general, the data showed that springtails can cause damage by feeding seeds and seedlings in greenhouses, and this damage in early cultivation due to plant vulnerability as well as low greenhouse temperature can be very severe and economical.