اثرات غیرکشندگی ترکیبات بینو2 و فلونیکامید بر برخی فراسنجه های زیستی و جدول زندگی سفیدبالک گلخانه Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae)

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is known as an economically important and polyphagous pest of different crops. The polyphagous and polyvolitine characteristics of T. vaporarium resulted in resistance to insecticides. Usage of low-risk and ecological friendly insecticides could be consider as a complementary method in integrated pest management of aforementioned pest. For this purpose, in this study, the sub-lethal concentration (LC25) of two insecticides, Bino2 and flonicamid, on the biological properties and life table parameters of T. vaporarium were studied at controlled condition (25 ±2 ° C, R.H. 60 ±10 % and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L:D). The dipping method was used in bioassay and life table studies. Briefly, the leaves of tomato were dipped into the related concentrations of insecticides for 30 s and. the same-aged (24h) adults of, T. vaporariorum were released on the treated leaves after 20 m. The sub-lethal (LC25) obtained concentration were used 10.28 and 27.22 p.p.m for Bino 2 and flonicamid, respectively. The biological and life table studies were done using at least 80 the same age of eggs for each treatments. The life history data of the greenhouse whitefly cohorts exposed to sublethal concentration of the aforementioned insecticides were analyzed using the computer program TWOSEX–MSChart based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results of this study were showed that the used insecticides affected the developmental time (df=2, 194; F=3632.64; P=0.000), survival rate (df=2, 271; F=649.83, P=0.000), adult longevity, and fecundity (df=2, 87; F=1403.13; P=0.000) of the F1 generation. The developmental time on control, flonicamid and Bino2 treatments was obtained (21.72±0.21 days), (24.78±0.24 days) and (21.72±0.31 days), respectively. The sublethal concentration of Bino2 resulted in decreasing of adult longevity (27.51±0.63 days), fecundity (10.41±1.31 eggs), survival rate (57%) and the life expectancy (23.80 days) of T. vaporaium, as well. Additionally, usage of LC25 insecticides led to decreasing of the net reproductive rate (R0) (df=2, 271; F=807.62; P=0.000) of the greenhouse whitefly compared to control treatment. The net fecundity rate was obtained on control, Bino2 and flonicamid treatments, (10.78±1.98), (3.63±0.66) and (4.59±0.97) nymphs/male, respectively. Therefore, the findings of this research showed that, due to the sublethal effects of either Bino2 or flonicamid on the biological and life table parameters of the greenhouse whitefly, they could be used in the management of aforementioned pest.